Evidence Presentation & Data Interpretation

证据出示与数据解读

Debaters present research findings, statistics, expert opinions, and real-world examples to support their claims and interpret complex data.

辩论者出示研究成果、统计数据、专家意见和实际案例来支持其主张并解读复杂数据。

对话

聆听并跟进对话

Economist A (Male)

Good morning, everyone. To start, I'd like to present some key findings from Dr. Anya Sharma's recent econometric analysis on the proposed universal basic income policy. Her data clearly indicates a 1.5% decrease in the national poverty rate over a five-year projection.

大家早上好。首先，我想展示一下阿尼亚·夏尔马博士最近对拟议的普遍基本收入政策进行的计量经济学分析的一些关键发现。她的数据显示，在五年预测期内，国家贫困率将下降1.5%。

Policy Analyst (Female)

Thank you, Dr. Lee. Could you elaborate on the methodology Dr. Sharma employed? Specifically, what counterfactuals were used to isolate the UBI's impact from other economic variables?

谢谢李博士。您能详细说明夏尔马博士采用的方法吗？具体来说，使用了哪些反事实来隔离全民基本收入对其他经济变量的影响？

Economist A (Male)

Certainly. Her study utilized a difference-in-differences approach, comparing a control group in a region without UBI implementation to the target areas. Furthermore, they controlled for macroeconomic trends like inflation and employment rates.

当然。她的研究采用了双重差分法，将未实施全民基本收入的地区的对照组与目标地区进行比较。此外，他们还控制了通货膨胀和就业率等宏观经济趋势。

Economist B (Male)

That's a valuable point. However, looking at the full spectrum of data, the cost-benefit analysis from the Treasury's report projects a significant increase in national debt—around 0.8% of GDP annually. How do we reconcile the positive social outcomes with these fiscal realities?

这是一个很有价值的观点。然而，从数据的全貌来看，财政部报告中的成本效益分析预测国家债务将大幅增加，每年约占GDP的0.8%。我们如何调和积极的社会成果与这些财政现实？

Economist A (Male)

That Treasury projection, if I may interject, has been criticized for not fully accounting for potential long-term savings. For instance, the projected reduction in crime rates and healthcare costs, as evidenced by similar programs in Finland and Canada, could offset a portion of that initial outlay.

恕我插一句，财政部的那个预测，因未充分考虑潜在的长期节约而被批评。例如，芬兰和加拿大类似项目的证据表明，犯罪率和医疗成本的预计下降可以抵消一部分初始支出。

Policy Analyst (Female)

Indeed, those are external validities worth considering. Dr. Chen, your research focused on labor market participation post-UBI. What do your findings suggest regarding the 'disincentive to work' argument?

确实，这些都是值得考虑的外部有效性。陈博士，您的研究集中于全民基本收入后的劳动力市场参与。您的发现对“工作动力不足”的论点有何启示？

Economist B (Male)

That's compelling evidence. So, if we look at the combined qualitative and quantitative data, it suggests the financial concerns, while real, might be partially mitigated by broader societal benefits that are harder to quantify upfront.

这是很有说服力的证据。所以，如果我们综合定性和定量数据来看，它表明财政担忧虽然真实存在，但可能通过更广泛的社会效益得到部分缓解，而这些效益很难预先量化。

词汇

对话中的必备词汇和短语

elaborate

To explain something in more detail. Use it when you want someone to provide additional information in a discussion.

将某事解释得更详细。在讨论中，当你希望某人提供额外信息时使用。

methodology

The methods or techniques used in a research study. It's a formal word often used in academic or professional talks about how data was collected.

研究中使用的方法或技术。这是一个正式的词，常用于学术或专业讨论中关于数据如何被收集的。

counterfactuals

Hypothetical scenarios that show what might have happened without a certain action or policy. Useful in debates to discuss 'what if' situations in data analysis.

展示如果没有某些行动或政策可能发生什么的假设情景。在数据分析中讨论'如果'情况的辩论中很有用。

control group

A group in an experiment that does not receive the treatment, used for comparison. Common in scientific discussions to explain research design.

实验中不接受处理的组，用于比较。在科学讨论中常见，用于解释研究设计。

qualitative

Relating to qualities or descriptions, not numbers, like opinions or experiences. Contrast it with 'quantitative' for non-numerical data in debates.

与品质或描述相关，而不是数字，例如意见或经历。在辩论中，与'quantitative'相对比，用于非数值数据。

longitudinal study

A research method that follows the same subjects over a long period to observe changes. Useful for discussing ongoing research in policy talks.

一种跟踪同一对象在较长时期内以观察变化的研究方法。在政策讨论中讨论正在进行的研究很有用。

disincentive

Something that discourages or reduces motivation to do something, like work. Often used in economic debates about policies affecting behavior.

某种阻碍或降低做某事（如工作）动力的东西。常用于经济学辩论中，讨论影响行为的政策。

compelling

Very convincing or persuasive. Use it to describe strong evidence or arguments in discussions to show agreement on its power.

非常有说服力或说服性的。用它来描述讨论中强有力的证据或论点，以显示对其力量的同意。

mitigate

To make something less severe or harmful. Practical in debates when discussing how to reduce negative effects of a policy.

使某事物变得不那么严重或有害。在讨论如何减少政策负面影响的辩论中实用。

interject

To interrupt a conversation to add a comment. Polite way to say something during someone else's turn in a formal discussion.

中断对话以添加评论。在正式讨论中，在他人发言时说些什么的礼貌方式。

关键句型

需要记住和练习的重要短语

Could you elaborate on the methodology Dr. Sharma employed?

This is a polite way to ask for more details about a method used. Useful in debates or meetings to seek clarification; it uses 'could you' for politeness and 'elaborate on' to mean explain further.

这是请求更多关于所用方法细节的礼貌方式。在辩论或会议中用于寻求澄清有用；它使用'could you'来表示礼貌，使用'elaborate on'来表示进一步解释。

Certainly. Her study utilized a difference-in-differences approach...

A formal response agreeing to explain something. 'Certainly' means 'of course' politely; 'utilized' is a synonym for 'used,' showing academic language for describing research methods.

一种同意解释某事的正式回应。“Certainly”礼貌地表示“当然”；“utilized”是“used”的同义词，用于描述研究方法的学术语言。

While statistical significance is important, I'd like to draw your attention to a qualitative aspect.

This transitions from one point to another by acknowledging agreement first ('while'). Useful for introducing a new idea in debates; 'draw your attention to' means to focus on something specific.

这通过首先承认同意（'while'）从一个点过渡到另一个点。在辩论中引入新想法很有用；'draw your attention to' 意味着关注特定事物。

How do we reconcile the positive social outcomes with these fiscal realities?

A question to connect opposing ideas. 'Reconcile' means to make compatible; great for policy discussions to challenge or explore balance between benefits and costs.

一个连接对立观点的问题。'Reconcile' 意为使之兼容；非常适合政策讨论，用于挑战或探索利益与成本之间的平衡。

That Treasury projection, if I may interject, has been criticized for not fully accounting for potential long-term savings.

Polite interruption with 'if I may interject.' Useful in group talks to add a counterpoint; it shows respect while inserting your view, common in formal debates.

用'如果我可以插话的话'进行的礼貌打断。在小组讨论中用于添加反驳点很有用；它在插入你的观点时显示尊重，在正式辩论中很常见。

What do your findings suggest regarding the 'disincentive to work' argument?

Asks for implications of research on a specific topic. 'Regarding' means 'about'; this structure is practical for academic Q&A, using quotes for key terms.

询问研究对特定主题的含义。'Regarding' 意为 'about'；这种结构适用于学术问答，使用引号突出关键术语。

The data doesn't support the disincentive claim.

A clear conclusion based on evidence. Simple present tense for general truths; useful to refute an argument in debates, emphasizing facts over opinions.

基于证据的明确结论。简单现在时用于一般真理；在辩论中用于反驳论点，强调事实而非意见。

So, if we look at the combined qualitative and quantitative data, it suggests the financial concerns might be partially mitigated by broader societal benefits.

Summarizes by combining ideas with 'so' and conditional 'if.' 'Mitigated by' explains reduction; ideal for wrapping up discussions, showing balanced analysis.

通过用 'so' 和条件 'if' 结合想法来总结。'Mitigated by' 解释减少；理想用于结束讨论，展示平衡分析。